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Prenatal stress is associated with child behavioral outcomes increasing susceptibility for psychiatric disorders in later life. Altered fetal brain development might partly mediate this association, as some studies suggest. The association between self-reported maternal pregnancy-related anxiety PRAQ-R2 questionnaire, second and third trimester and brain gray matter volume was probed in 27 4-year-old children 13 female.
Voxel based morphometry was applied with an age-matched template in SPM for the whole-brain analyses, and amygdala volume was assessed with manual segmentation. Possible pre- and postnatal confounders, such as maternal depression and anxiety among others, were controlled for. Child behavioral problems were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire by maternal report.
Our results provide further support for the notion that prenatal stress impacts child development. Early child development is shaped not only by genetic, but also by environmental factors Greenough et al. Risk factors related to maternal health and behavior, such as maternal psychological distress or exposure to stressful life events, that affect intrauterine development, have been established.
Several studies have shown that maternal distress during pregnancy shapes behavioral, neurodevelopmental and other health-related outcomes of the offspring over the lifespan. For instance, higher self-reported maternal prenatal distress was associated with more fearfulness Henrichs et al. Self-reported maternal prenatal stress is a heterogeneous concept and has been defined for example as experiencing a major life event, as depressive symptoms, or as general or pregnancy-related anxiety.
Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct anxiety construct that assesses emotional and cognitive attributes of anxiety related to fetal health and loss, childbirth, body image and perceived control Bayrampour et al. There is some evidence that maternal pregnancy-related anxiety is of higher predictive value for some birth outcomes and infant temperament than the other distress measures Roesch et al.