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Pheromones have become an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional insecticides for pest control. Camelina sativa seeds genetically modified to express Z hexadecenoic acid, a sex pheromone precursor of several moth species, provided the oil from which the precursor was isolated, purified and transformed into the final pheromone. Trap lures containing this pheromone were then assessed for their capacity to manage moth pests in the field. Plant-derived pheromone lures proved equally effective as synthetic pheromone lures in monitoring the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella , in cabbage and disrupting mating of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera , in common bean fields.
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Our study demonstrates the biological efficacy and economic feasibility of pheromone production in plant factories by metabolic engineering of an oilseed crop. Conventional chemical insecticides are extensively used for crop protection, with , tonnes of active ingredients AIs applied per year globally 3 , 4 , causing severe adverse impacts on ecosystems and public health 5.
Rapid evolution of resistance to insecticides makes pest control ever more challenging, as it requires the use of increasing doses of pesticides per treated area to achieve pest suppression 5 , 6. Public concerns about insecticide residues in food and adverse impacts of pesticides on fragile ecosystems have increased market demand for safer, more environmentally friendly bio-based pesticides 1.
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To address these concerns, many countries have imposed regulations aimed at reducing reliance on neuroactive insecticides for pest control 7 , creating an opportunity for alternative pest control technologies to gain a commercial foothold. One particularly promising strategy is the use of sex pheromones to prevent or mitigate damage by insect pests, through monitoring, mass trapping or mating disruption 8 , 9 , Sex pheromones are relatively species-specific chemical signals that elicit behavioural or physiological reactions in individuals of the same species.
